Lzh Sarv Bi Pm Dh Pc 98Outside Their Own Country
Pāli / Sanskrit:Tiroraṭṭha
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The Tiroraṭṭha Sutta: Outside One’s Own Country
Background
The Tiroraṭṭha Sutta belongs to the Vinaya Piṭaka, specifically the Pātimokkha, the most basic monastic code in the noble Buddhist community. This is a regulation related to the actions and conduct of bhikkhus, especially when they are far from their homeland or outside their own territory.
In the context of Theravāda Buddhism, “country” (raṭṭha) is not only a geographical concept but also a recognized area of the Sangha, where legal regulations are applied and administered in a unified way. When a monastic leaves the territory of the Sangha, whether for the purpose of studying the Buddha-Dharma or practicing meditation in seclusion, he enters a different legal situation, where certain regulations need to be adjusted to suit practical circumstances.
Main Content
The Tiroraṭṭha Sutta stipulates that when bhikkhus are outside their own country, that is, outside the territory recognized by the Sangha, they must still observe the basic spirit of the Pātimokkha, though some practical details may be regarded with greater flexibility.
Specifically, this regulation concerns the fact that bhikkhus are not permitted to perform ceremonies or actions of a wholly independent nature outside the supervision of a properly constituted Sangha. If they are outside their territory, they still have the responsibility to remain connected with their original Sangha or to find a way to join a legally constituted monastic community, a community of at least five bhikkhus, to ensure the legality of missionary actions or important ceremonies.
This reflects an important principle in the Vinaya Piṭaka: the Sangha, the properly constituted monastic community, is the foundation of legitimacy in Buddhist actions. Even when far from home, bhikkhus cannot act independently on their own authority, but still need to be properly connected with the Sangha.
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