Lzh Mg Bi Pm Pc 118Outside Their Own Country
Pāli / Sanskrit:Tiroraṭṭha
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Sutta Tiroraṭṭha: Those Who Are Outside Their Own Country
Background
The Tiroraṭṭha Sutta (Those Outside Their Own Country) belongs to the Vinaya Piṭaka, specifically to the Pātimokkha Samvara — the fundamental rules of moral training for Bhikkhus. This text is recorded in the Vinaya, which is the collection of the Buddha's teachings pertaining to disadhamma (prohibitions) and whose purpose is to protect the purity of the Saṅgha.
The historical background of this sutta reflects situations that arose within the earliest monastic community, as Bhikkhus propagated the Dharma across many different regions of ancient Bharat. Questions concerning which monks were permitted to reside far from their own country, or which wandering monastics had gone beyond the boundaries sanctioned by the Saṅgha, gave rise to conflicts and difficulties in maintaining monastic discipline. The Buddha therefore set forth specific regulations to ensure harmony, order, and purity within the renunciant community.
Principal Content
The Tiroraṭṭha Sutta concerns the rules governing the movement and settlement of Bhikkhus outside their own country. Specifically, it addresses situations in which monks have gone beyond permitted geographical boundaries or are living in places not officially recognized by the local Saṅgha.
The principal regulation set forth in this sutta emphasizes that Bhikkhus are not permitted to reside for an extended period in regions unfamiliar to them, especially if such residence causes discord within the community or violates the rules concerning Saṅgha consent. If a Bhikkhu wishes to dwell outside his own country — the land where he received full ordination as a Bhikkhu — he must obtain the explicit approval of the elders (Theras) or the local Saṅgha.
This sutta also prescribes corresponding penalties for violations. These are not Pārājika offenses (offenses of defeat) nor Saṅghādisesa offenses (offenses requiring formal action before the Saṅgha), but belong to the category of Pācittiya (offenses requiring simple confession), reflecting their comparatively less serious nature while nonetheless requiring rectification.
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