Xct Mu Bi Pm As 1Resolution Face to Face
Pāli / Sanskrit:Sammukhāvinaya
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THE SUTTA ON RESOLUTION FACE TO FACE
Sammukhāvinaya
Context
Sammukhāvinaya (resolution face to face) is one of the disciplinary procedures established by Śākyamuni Buddha in the Vinaya Piṭaka, specifically within the Pātimokkha section of the bhikkhu collections. In the Theravāda tradition, this procedure is regarded as an important tool for maintaining harmony and discipline in the Sangha, the community of monastics.
The procedure of “resolution face to face” is applied when disputes or offenses arise among members of the Sangha. Rather than allowing a matter to remain unresolved for a long time, causing division and resentment, the Buddha encouraged monastics to face the matter directly, discuss it openly, and resolve it immediately in the present (sammukhā, “directly, face to face”).
This is not a harsh punishment, but an educational method focused on acknowledgment, correction, and the restoration of relationships in the community. It reflects the spirit of the Buddhadharma: moving toward awakening rather than punishment, and maintaining samaggā, harmony, in the Sangha.
Main Content
Sammukhāvinaya is carried out according to a clear procedure. First, this method is used in cases where there is dispute or an offense (āpatti) involving a member of the community. The person considered to be at fault must be summoned directly, asked to confirm the truth, and required to state their conduct before the assembled Sangha.
The central point is public acknowledgment (āpatti-paññatti). If that person admits the fault, they publicly declare the offense, express remorse (paṭiggaha-paññatti), and undertake not to repeat it. Afterward, the Sangha verifies this resolution, regarding the matter as closed (sammukhāya adhikaraṇaṃ sammatī).
This procedure has special power because it is performed “face to face”: everyone is present, has the opportunity to speak, and witnesses the resolution. There is no concealment and no evasion.
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