Lzh Sarv Bu Pm 2 Sk 105In Water

Exposition of the Udakeuccāra Scripture (In Water)

Context

The Udakeuccāra scripture (udaka = water; uccāra = urination) belongs to the Vinaya Piṭaka of Early Buddhism, specifically among the rules on the pure way of life of bhikkhus. The Vinaya Piṭaka is not a doctrinal scripture but a collection of disciplinary principles intended to protect harmony in the Sangha and preserve the sanctity of religious conduct.

The context in which this rule arose was when the Buddha and the bhikkhus were staying in various places. In a humble life amid nature, practical matters such as how to attend to bodily needs frequently arose. Udakeuccāra is the specific guidance concerning urinating in water or near water, to avoid impurity and disrespect toward water sources.

Main Content

The Udakeuccāra scripture addresses a basic principle: bhikkhus are not permitted to urinate directly into water or in areas near water where clean water sources may be affected. This regulation arises from two great principles in Buddhism.

First is the principle of respect for life (ahiṃsā). Water is the source of life for countless beings, from tiny insects to other animals. Polluting water can harm these beings. This rule reflects the deep loving-kindness (mettā) of Buddhism toward all beings, not only human beings.

Second is the principle of purity and reverence (sīla). Water is necessary for the daily life of the bhikkhu community, other people, and other living beings. Keeping water clean is an expression of decorum and respect for the conditions of shared life.

In addition, this scripture also suggests suitable places for urination: places far from water sources, dry places, and places where there is no danger of harming other beings. This is how Buddhism teaches bhikkhus to live responsibly with the environment.