Lzh Sarv Bu Pm 2 As 1Resolution Face to Face
Pāli / Sanskrit:Sammukhāvinaya
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Sammukhāvinaya Sutta: Resolution Face to Face
Background
Sammukhāvinaya, resolution face to face, is an important part of the Vinaya Piṭaka of the Pāli Canon, especially within texts concerning Sangha law (Saṅghabheda). This text arose from the historical context in which the Buddhist Sangha encountered internal conflicts that needed to be resolved fairly and transparently.
According to the Theravāda Buddha-Dharma tradition, when there is a dispute or violation of the discipline among members of the Sangha, the resolution must follow the formal methods prescribed by the Buddha. Sammukhāvinaya represents the “face to face” method, that is, the parties concerned must directly face one another before the Sangha to settle the dispute.
Main Content
The principle of Sammukhāvinaya is openness and the presence of all parties. When there is a violation or dispute, the accused person must be clearly informed of the accusations by the person requesting resolution. Both sides have the opportunity to present their positions before the Sangha.
This process takes place with the witness of the whole monastic community, ensuring fairness and preventing arbitrary decisions. If at this meeting the accused openly admits the fault, or if there is clear evidence, then the resolution is considered lawful. This method reflects the principle of “no hidden judgment” in early Buddhism.
Sammukhāvinaya also prescribes that the process of resolution must be carried out calmly, without violence or pressure. The purpose is not punishment, but education, restoration of discipline, and maintenance of harmony in the Sangha. If the offender accepts the fault and reforms, that person is considered to have completed the process of confession (paṭipadā).
Practical Meaning
In the context of modern practice, Sammukhāvinaya teaches us the importance of transparency, honesty, and direct dialogue.
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