Lzh Sarv Bi Pm Dh Pc 15Throwing Out a Monastic
Pāli / Sanskrit:Nikkaḍḍhana
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Nikkaḍḍhana Discourse — Expelling a Bhikkhu
Background
The Nikkaḍḍhana discourse (expulsion) belongs to the traditional Pāli Vinaya Piṭaka and is found in the Pārājika section, the rules requiring complete exclusion from the Sangha. This code was established after the Buddha’s awakening, through many specific events in which different disciples violated fundamental principles, affecting the harmony and faith of the monastic community.
This discourse concerns the procedure and conditions for excluding a bhikkhu from the Sangha. This is not punishment in the ordinary sense, but a measure to protect the purity of the Sangha body and the Buddha’s teaching. The person excluded still has an opportunity to give up the ochre robe or to return if he is able to correct himself.
Main Content
The Nikkaḍḍhana discourse provides the prerequisites under which the Sangha may formally expel a bhikkhu. First, the offense must be clearly established: it must be one of the four Pārājika offenses (offenses of expulsion): taking life, stealing, sexual misconduct, or lying about superhuman attainments.
Second, the expulsion takes effect only when it is carried out by a recognized Sangha according to proper procedure, with the presence of the required number of bhikkhus, usually at least five. This procedure is called "Sanghadisesa": a decision of the Sangha (Sangha Vatta). The expelled bhikkhu is completely separated: others must not eat together with him, must not speak with him about matters of practice, and he is no longer regarded as a member of the Sangha.
Third, the discourse also emphasizes that expulsion may be restored (Anudhamma-vinaya) if the person excluded sincerely repents, openly acknowledges his fault before the whole Sangha, and is accepted again by the Sangha. This shows the compassionate spirit of the Buddha-Dharma: the purpose is not permanent punishment, but transformation.
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