Toh 3420Untitled
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Exposition of Scripture Toh 3420 — The Tengyur Treatise Collection
Background
This work belongs to the Tengyur (Bstan 'gyur), the collection of treatises explaining the scriptures of the Northern Mahayana canon, compiled in Tibet approximately between the eighth and twelfth centuries. The works in the Treatise Collection are profound expositions of Buddhist scriptures, often composed by great masters (acharyas) from India or by eminent Tibetan teachers. The designation Toh 3420 identifies one of more than 3,600 works contained in this collection.
The tradition of the Northern Mahayana canon (also known as Tibetan Buddhism) inherits the entire foundation of Buddhist learning from the Yogācāra (唯識宗, Consciousness-Only) and Madhyamaka (中觀宗, Middle Way) schools, emphasizing absolute emptiness (śūnyatā) and the absence of intrinsic nature in all dharmas. The treatises in the Tengyur delve deeply into transcendent matters such as the nature of mind (citta), existence and nonexistence, and the path of practice leading to awakening.
Main Content
Although the title is not clearly recorded in the descriptive information, scripture Toh 3420 is an exegetical work (śāstra) focusing on central aspects of Mahayana Buddhist thought. Within the general context of the Treatise Collection, these works commonly explain three essential subjects:
First, they clarify how dharmas are understood and perceived. This tradition teaches that all phenomena (bhāva) are empty of self (anātman) and possess no intrinsic nature (svabhāva). From this basis, these treatises proceed to analyze in detail the ways in which human beings are bound by ignorance (avidyā).
Second, these works provide instruction on the bodhisattva path, the course of practice followed by benevolent beings who aspire to attain buddhahood in order to liberate sentient beings. This includes cultivating the six perfections (pāramitā: generosity, ethical discipline, patience, diligence, meditative concentration, and wisdom), as well as developing immeasurable loving-kindness and compassion (maitrī caruvāda).
Third, these treatises provide instruction in practical methods of cultivation,
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