根本說一切有部百一羯磨

Revision and annotations: Thích Nguyên An - Thích Tâm Nhãn - Thích Đạo Luận

THE PROCEDURE FOR REPENTANCE OF A SAṄGHĀVAŚEṢA OFFENSE^[1]: THE OCCASION OF UDĀYIN

1. The parivāsa procedure

[479a13] At that time, the venerable Udāyin^[2] intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense,^[3] and deliberately concealed it for half a month. Afterward, Udāyin reported this matter to the bhikshus:

– Venerable ones, I, Udāyin, intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. What should I now do?

The bhikshus reported this matter to the Buddha. The Buddha said:

– Bhikshus, since Udāyin intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, he is to undergo parivāsa^[4] for the number of days during which he concealed it within that half-month. If similar cases arise, proceed in the same sequence: arrange the seats, sound the gaṇḍī, and perform the preliminary procedures as before. Instruct the bhikshu Udāyin to arrange his robe so as to bare his right shoulder, remove his footwear, pay homage in order of seniority, approach the elder, squat, join his palms, and speak as follows:

a. The request

Venerable Sangha, please listen! I, the bhikshu Udāyin, intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. I, the bhikshu Udāyin, now request the Sangha to have me undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed it. May the Venerable Sangha have me, the bhikshu Udāyin, who intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense and concealing it for half a month, undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed it. May you have compassion for me, have compassion for me.

He should make the same request a second and a third time.

b. The motion

Next, a bhikshu makes the motion and then performs the karman:

[497b01] Venerable Sangha, please listen! The bhikshu Udāyin intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. The bhikshu Udāyin, who intentionally emitted semen and thereby committed a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, now requests the Sangha to have him undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which he concealed it. If the time is appropriate for the Sangha, the Sangha may consent. The Sangha now has Udāyin undergo parivāsa, for the number of days during which he concealed it, for the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen. This is the motion.

c. The karman

Next comes the karman:

Venerable Sangha, please listen! The bhikshu Udāyin intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. The bhikshu Udāyin, who intentionally emitted semen and thereby committed a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, now requests the Sangha to have him undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which he concealed it.

The Sangha now has Udāyin undergo parivāsa, for the number of days during which he concealed it, for the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen. Any venerable one who approves of having Udāyin undergo parivāsa, for the number of days during which he concealed it, for the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen should remain silent. Anyone who does not approve should speak.

This is the first proclamation of the karman.

The same should be proclaimed a second and a third time.

The Sangha has completed the act of having the bhikshu Udāyin undergo parivāsa, for the number of days during which he concealed it, for the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen. The Sangha has consented, as indicated by its silence. Thus do I record it.

The first procedure is complete.

At that time, while the bhikshu Udāyin was undergoing parivāsa, he again intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing another saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and continued to conceal it. Afterward, he reported this matter to the bhikshus:

– Venerable ones, while I, the bhikshu Udāyin, was undergoing parivāsa, I again intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for another half-month. What should I now do?

The bhikshus reported this matter to the Buddha. The Buddha said:

– Bhikshus, Udāyin intentionally emitted semen a second time, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and again concealed it. Have him undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning^[5] for the number of days during which he concealed it. If similar cases arise, they should be dealt with in this manner: arrange the seats, sound the gaṇḍī, perform the preliminary procedures, and have the person concerned speak as follows:

Venerable Sangha, please listen! I, the bhikshu Udāyin, intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. I, the bhikshu Udāyin, requested the Sangha to have me undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed it.

The Sangha had me undergo parivāsa for that number of days; but while undergoing parivāsa, I offended again, committing the same offense as before, and again concealed it. [479c01] I, the bhikshu Udāyin, now request the Sangha to have me undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning. May the Venerable Sangha have me, the bhikshu Udāyin, who intentionally emitted semen a second time and thereby committed a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning.

May you have compassion for me, have compassion for me.

He should make the same request a second and a third time.

Next, a bhikshu makes the motion and then performs the karman:

Venerable Sangha, please listen! The bhikshu Udāyin intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. For intentionally emitting semen and thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, the bhikshu Udāyin underwent parivāsa for the number of days during which he concealed it. While undergoing parivāsa, he offended again, committing the same offense as before, and also concealed it. For the offense committed as before, Udāyin now requests the Sangha to have him undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning. If the time is appropriate for the Sangha, the Sangha may consent. The Sangha now has the bhikshu Udāyin undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning for the number of days during which he concealed it. This is the motion.

Next comes the karman. It should be performed in accordance with the wording of the motion… through the words: …as indicated by the silence, thus do I record it.

(The second procedure is complete.)

2. Recommencement from the beginning

At that time, while the bhikshu Udāyin was undergoing renewed parivāsa from the beginning, he again committed the same saṅghāvaśeṣa offense as before and also concealed it. Afterward, he likewise reported to the bhikshus:

– Venerable ones, I, the bhikshu Udāyin, formerly intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. I requested the Sangha to have me undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed it. The Sangha had me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen. While undergoing parivāsa, I, Udāyin, again committed a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, the same as the previous offense, and also concealed it. I, the bhikshu Udāyin, requested the Sangha to have me undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning. The Sangha had me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning for my second offense. While undergoing renewed parivāsa from the beginning, I committed the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense a third time; as with the previous offense, I also concealed it. What should I now do?

The bhikshus reported this matter to the Buddha. The Buddha said:

– Bhikshus, since the bhikshu Udāyin has offended a third time, committing the same offense as on the previous two occasions and again concealing it, have him undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning.^[6] If similar cases arise, they should be dealt with as follows: perform the preliminary procedures and so forth; have him squat, [480a01] join his palms, and, in accordance with the foregoing, make the following request:

a. The request

Venerable Sangha, please listen! I, the bhikshu Udāyin, intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. I, Udāyin, requested the Sangha to have me undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed it.

The Sangha had me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen. While undergoing parivāsa, I offended a second time, committing the same offense as before and concealing it again. I, the bhikshu Udāyin, requested the Sangha to have me undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning.

The Sangha consented to have me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning. While undergoing renewed parivāsa from the beginning, I offended a third time and also concealed it. I, the bhikshu Udāyin, now request the Sangha to have me undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning.

May the Venerable Sangha have me, Udāyin, who committed the same kind of offense three times and concealed it each time, undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning. May you have compassion for me, have compassion for me.

He should make the same request a second and a third time.

b. The motion

Next, appoint a bhikshu first to make the motion and then to perform the karman:

Venerable Sangha, please listen! The bhikshu Udāyin intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. For intentionally emitting semen and thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, the bhikshu Udāyin requested the Sangha to have him undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which he concealed it.

While undergoing parivāsa, he committed this offense a second time and concealed it again; he also requested the Sangha to have him undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning. While undergoing renewed parivāsa from the beginning, he committed the same offense a third time and again concealed it. Because the bhikshu Udāyin has committed the same offense as before a third time, he now requests the Sangha to have him undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning for the number of days during which he concealed it.

If the time is appropriate for the Sangha, the Sangha may consent. Because Udāyin has offended a third time, the Sangha now has him undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning for the number of days during which he concealed it. This is the motion.

c. The karman

Next comes the karman, which should be proclaimed in full according to the preceding motion through the words: …as indicated by the silence, thus do I record it.

(The third procedure is complete. If he offends again, he should be censured according to the particular circumstances.)

3. The mānatta procedure

On another occasion, the bhikshu Udāyin intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. He requested to undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which he concealed it. While undergoing parivāsa, he committed the same offense as before a second time and again underwent parivāsa from the beginning. While undergoing renewed parivāsa from the beginning, he committed [480b01] the same offense as before a third time and had to undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning. After Udāyin had properly completed the procedure, he reported to the bhikshus:

– Venerable ones, I, the bhikshu Udāyin, intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. I requested the Sangha to have me undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed it. The Sangha had me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen. While undergoing parivāsa, I again committed the same offense as before and requested the Sangha to have me undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning. The Sangha had me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning, for the number of days during which I concealed the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen. While undergoing renewed parivāsa from the beginning, I committed the same offense as before a third time and also concealed it.

I requested the Sangha to have me undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning. The Sangha had me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning for the number of days during which I concealed my third saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, which was of the same kind as before.

I, the bhikshu Udāyin, intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month; I have completed parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed it. For the second commission of the same offense as before, I have also properly completed renewed parivāsa from the beginning. For the third commission of the same offense as before, I have also properly completed parivāsa recommenced from the beginning. What should I now do?

The bhikshus reported this matter to the Buddha.

The Buddha said:

– Bhikshus, have the bhikshu Udāyin undergo six nights of mānatta.^[7] If a similar case arises, proceed as follows: arrange the seats, sound the gaṇḍī, and make an announcement to the assembly. Once the assembly has gathered, at least four persons must be present within the boundary. The bhikshu Udāyin should enter the assembly, remove his footwear, pay homage in order of seniority, squat before the elder, join his palms, and say:

a. The request

Venerable Sangha, please listen! I, the bhikshu Udāyin, intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. I, the bhikshu Udāyin, who intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense and concealing it for half a month, requested the Sangha to have me undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed it.

The Sangha had me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen. While undergoing parivāsa, I, the bhikshu Udāyin, offended a second time, committing the same offense as before, [480c01] and also concealed it. I, the bhikshu Udāyin, requested the Sangha to have me undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning for the number of days during which I concealed it.

The Sangha had me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning for that number of days. While undergoing renewed parivāsa from the beginning, I committed the same offense as before a third time and also concealed it; I then requested the Sangha to have me undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning. Because I, the bhikshu Udāyin, offended a third time, the Sangha had me undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning for the number of days during which I concealed it.

I, the bhikshu Udāyin, intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month; I properly underwent parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed the offense. For the second commission of the same offense as before, I properly underwent renewed parivāsa from the beginning for the number of days during which I concealed it. For the third commission, I also properly underwent and completed parivāsa recommenced from the beginning for the number of days during which I concealed it. I now request the Sangha to have me undergo an additional six nights of mānatta. May the Venerable Sangha have me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo six nights of mānatta. May you have compassion for me, have compassion for me.

He should make the same request a second and a third time.

b. The motion

Next, a bhikshu makes the motion and then performs the karman:

Venerable Sangha, please listen! The bhikshu Udāyin intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. For intentionally emitting semen and thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, the bhikshu Udāyin requested the Sangha to have him undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which he concealed it.

The Sangha had the bhikshu Udāyin undergo parivāsa, for the number of days during which he concealed it, for the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen, which he had concealed for half a month. While undergoing parivāsa, he offended a second time, committing the same offense as before, and also concealed it. For his second offense, the bhikshu Udāyin requested the Sangha to have him undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning.

The Sangha had the bhikshu Udāyin undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning for the number of days during which he concealed it. While undergoing renewed parivāsa from the beginning, he offended a third time, committing the same offense as before, and also concealed it. For his third offense, the bhikshu Udāyin requested the Sangha to have him undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning.

The Sangha had the bhikshu Udāyin undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning for the number of days during which he concealed it. The bhikshu Udāyin properly underwent parivāsa for intentionally emitting semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, which he concealed for half a month; for his second commission of the same offense as before, he properly underwent renewed parivāsa from the beginning; and for his third commission of the same offense as before, he also properly completed parivāsa recommenced from the beginning.

He now requests the Sangha to have him undergo six nights of mānatta. [481a01] If the time is appropriate for the Sangha, the Sangha may consent. The Sangha now has the bhikshu Udāyin undergo six nights of mānatta. This is the motion.

c. The karman

Next comes the karman, which should be proclaimed in full through the words: …as indicated by the silence, thus do I record it.

4. The procedure for rehabilitation

At that time, Udāyin intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. He properly underwent parivāsa for the number of days during which he concealed it. For his second offense, he properly underwent renewed parivāsa from the beginning. For his third commission of the same offense as before, he also properly underwent parivāsa recommenced from the beginning. He likewise properly completed six nights of mānatta. Udāyin reported this matter to the bhikshus:

– Venerable ones, I, the bhikshu Udāyin, intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. I requested the Sangha to have me undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed it. The Sangha had me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen.

While undergoing parivāsa, I offended a second time and also concealed it. For the previous offense, I, the bhikshu Udāyin, requested the Sangha to have me undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning for the number of days during which I concealed it. The Sangha had me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning, for the same kind of offense as before, for the number of days during which I concealed it.

While undergoing renewed parivāsa from the beginning, I offended a third time and again concealed it. For the same kind of offense as before, I, the bhikshu Udāyin, approached the Sangha and requested to undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning for the number of days during which I concealed it. I, the bhikshu Udāyin, properly underwent parivāsa for intentionally emitting semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, which I concealed for half a month.

For my second offense, I also properly underwent renewed parivāsa from the beginning. For my third commission of the same offense as before, I likewise properly underwent parivāsa recommenced from the beginning. Afterward, I also properly completed six nights of mānatta.

What should I now do?

The bhikshus reported this matter to the Buddha. The Buddha said:

– Bhikshus, the bhikshu Udāyin intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month; he was made to undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which he concealed it, and did so properly. For his second offense, which he also concealed, he was made to undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning, and did so properly. For his third commission of the same offense as before, which he also concealed, he was made to undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning, and did so properly. He also properly completed six nights of mānatta. Any similar case should be dealt with as follows:

Arrange the seats, sound the gaṇḍī, and announce the matter to the assembly. At least twenty persons must be present when the assembly gathers. The bhikshu Udāyin should then arrange his robe so as to bare his right shoulder, remove his footwear, and pay homage in order of seniority. Squatting directly before the elder, he should join his palms and say:

a. The motion

[481b01] Venerable Sangha, please listen! I, the bhikshu Udāyin, intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. I, the bhikshu Udāyin, requested to undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed it.

The Sangha had me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen. During that half-month, while undergoing parivāsa, I, the bhikshu Udāyin, offended a second time, committing the same offense as before, and also concealed it. I requested the Sangha to have me undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning.

The Sangha had me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning for the same offense as before. I underwent renewed parivāsa from the beginning. The Sangha had me, the bhikshu Udāyin, undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning for the same offense as before.

I, the bhikshu Udāyin, properly underwent parivāsa for the number of days during which I concealed the same offense as before for half a month. For the second commission of the same offense as before, I also properly underwent renewed parivāsa from the beginning. For the third commission of the same offense as before, I properly completed both parivāsa recommenced from the beginning and six nights of mānatta.

I now request the Sangha to rehabilitate me.^[8] May the Venerable Sangha grant me, the bhikshu Udāyin, rehabilitation. May you have compassion for me, have compassion for me.

He should make the same request a second and a third time.

b. The karman

Next, a bhikshu makes the motion, administers a censure, and then performs the karman:

Venerable Sangha, please listen! The bhikshu Udāyin intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. The bhikshu Udāyin requested the Sangha to have him undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which he concealed it.

The Sangha had the bhikshu Udāyin undergo parivāsa, for the number of days during which he concealed it, for the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen. While undergoing parivāsa, he offended a second time, committing the same offense as before, and also concealed it. Udāyin then approached the Sangha and requested to undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning for the number of days during which he concealed it.

The Sangha had the bhikshu Udāyin undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning, for the same offense as before, for the number of days during which he concealed it. While undergoing renewed parivāsa from the beginning, he offended a third time, committing the same offense as before, and again concealed it. Udāyin approached the Sangha and requested to undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning for the number of days during which he concealed it.

The Sangha had the bhikshu Udāyin undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning, for the number of days during which he concealed the same offense as before. The bhikshu Udāyin properly underwent parivāsa, for the number of days during which he concealed it, for the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen. For his second commission of the same offense as before, he properly underwent renewed parivāsa from the beginning.

For his third commission [481c01] of the same offense as before, he properly underwent parivāsa recommenced from the beginning.

He then approached the Sangha and requested six nights of mānatta. The Sangha had the bhikshu Udāyin complete six nights of mānatta. He now requests the Sangha to rehabilitate him. If the time is appropriate for the Sangha, the Sangha may consent. The Sangha now rehabilitates the bhikshu Udāyin. This is the motion.

c. The censure

Next, the censure should be administered as follows:

Bhikshu Udāyin, you should know that there are two kinds of persons who can extinguish the torch of the Dharma, obscure the light of the Dharma, and destroy the lamp of the Dharma. What are the two? The first is one who commits an offense. The second is one who, having committed an offense, does not repent and remove it in accordance with the Dharma. These are two kinds of base persons, two kinds of foolish persons, two kinds of ignorant persons, and two kinds of unwholesome persons.

There are also two kinds of persons who cannot dig out the roots of grave offenses,^[9] who do not diligently strive to go against the current of worldly existence, and who cannot dry up the violent flood; who do not battle Māra’s army or cut down Māra’s banner; who have no aspiration to raise the supreme and wondrous banner of the Dharma, and who refuse to eliminate evil and culpable views; and who, in the true teaching of the Great Teacher, refuse to follow and turn the Dharma wheel. There are also two kinds of persons tormented by poisonous suffering and two kinds of persons who swell the flood of samsara: those who commit offenses and those who do not repent in accordance with the Dharma.

Udāyin, as the Blessed One taught, one should constantly contemplate the abandonment of greed, hatred, and delusion. Why, then, have you acted in this way? Having committed such an evil act, foolish man, how could you receive with these two hands the offerings given through people’s faith and then use those same hands to perform evil deeds? Foolish man, it would be better to offer both hands to be bitten by dreadful venomous snakes than wantonly to grasp your generative organ (in Sanskrit, aṅga-jata,^[10] translated as “generative organ,” namely the male organ) and commit an evil act.

Udāyin, because an offense is not disclosed and removed, one loses the perception of impermanence, the perception of suffering in the impermanent, the perception of non-self in suffering, the perception of repulsiveness in food, the perception of not delighting in the world, the perception of danger, the perception of abandoning, the perception of dispassion, the perception of cessation, the perception of death, the perception of impurity, the perception of a livid corpse,^[11] the perception of a festering corpse, the perception of a decomposing corpse, the perception of a bloated corpse, the perception of a bleeding corpse, the perception of scattered flesh, the perception of bleached bones, and the contemplation of emptiness.

None of these perceptions can become manifest. Nor can one attain the first dhyana, the second, third, or fourth dhyana; loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, or equanimity; the sphere of infinite space, the sphere of infinite consciousness, the sphere of nothingness, or the sphere of neither perception nor non-perception; or the fruit of stream-entry, the fruit of once-returning, the fruit of non-returning, or the fruit of arhatship.

Nor can one realize the supernormal powers, the divine eye, the divine ear, knowledge of others’ minds,^[12] recollection of former lives,^[13] or knowledge of the exhaustion of the defilements.^[14]

Udāyin, because an offense is not disclosed,^[15] after death one will be reborn in one of two [482a01] dreadful destinations: nāraka^[16] or the animal realm. As the Blessed One taught, there are two obstructive karmas that lead toward nāraka and the animal realm: disbelieving the Buddha’s teaching and concealing one’s offenses.

After earnestly censuring him in this way so that he may feel remorse and reform, perform the karman:

Venerable Sangha, please listen! The bhikshu Udāyin intentionally emitted semen, thereby committing a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense, and concealed it for half a month. The bhikshu Udāyin requested the Sangha to have him undergo parivāsa for the number of days during which he concealed it.

The Sangha had the bhikshu Udāyin undergo parivāsa, for the number of days during which he concealed it, for the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen. While undergoing parivāsa, he offended a second time, committing the same offense as before, and also concealed it. The bhikshu Udāyin requested the Sangha to have him undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning for the number of days during which he concealed it.

Because he had again committed the previous offense, the Sangha had the bhikshu Udāyin undergo renewed parivāsa from the beginning for the number of days during which he concealed it. While undergoing renewed parivāsa from the beginning, he offended a third time, committing the same offense as before, and also concealed it. This bhikshu requested the Sangha to have him undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning for the number of days during which he concealed it.

The Sangha had the bhikshu Udāyin undergo parivāsa recommenced from the beginning, for the number of days during which he concealed the same offense as before. The bhikshu Udāyin properly underwent parivāsa, for the number of days during which he concealed it, for the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen. For his second commission of the same offense as before, he underwent and properly completed renewed parivāsa from the beginning.

For his third commission of the same offense as before, he also properly underwent parivāsa recommenced from the beginning.

He then requested the Sangha to have him undergo six nights of mānatta. The Sangha had the bhikshu Udāyin undergo six nights of mānatta, which he properly completed.

He now requests the Sangha to rehabilitate him. The Sangha rehabilitates the bhikshu Udāyin, who properly underwent parivāsa, for the number of days during which he concealed it, for the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense of intentionally emitting semen. For his second commission of the same offense as before, he properly underwent renewed parivāsa from the beginning. For his third commission of the same offense as before, he also properly underwent parivāsa recommenced from the beginning. He likewise properly completed six nights of mānatta.

He now requests the Sangha to rehabilitate him. Any venerable one who approves of rehabilitating the bhikshu Udāyin should remain silent. Anyone who does not approve should speak. This is the first proclamation of the karman.

The same should be proclaimed a second and a third time.

The Sangha has completed the rehabilitation of the bhikshu Udāyin. The Sangha has consented, as indicated by its silence. Thus do I record it.

d. Commendation

Next, commend and exhort him as follows:

Excellent, Udāyin! Very good, Udāyin! [482b01] There are two kinds of wise persons, two kinds of discerning persons, and two kinds of wholesome persons. What are the two?

First, one who does not commit an offense; second, one who, having committed an offense, repents and removes it in accordance with the Dharma.

There are two kinds of persons who continually keep the torch of the Dharma burning and raise the banner of the Dharma. What are the two? First, one who does not commit an offense; second, one who, having committed an offense, repents and removes it in accordance with the Dharma.

There are also two kinds of persons capable of digging out the roots of grave offenses, diligently striving to go against the current of worldly existence, drying up the violent flood, battling Māra’s army, cutting down Māra’s banner, and splendidly raising the supreme and wondrous banner of the Dharma. They are capable of eliminating evil views and, in the true teaching of the unsurpassed Great Teacher, following and turning the Dharma wheel.

What are the two? First, one who does not commit an offense; second, one who, having committed an offense, repents and removes it in accordance with the Dharma.

There are also two kinds of persons who are not tormented by afflictions, and two kinds of persons who do not swell the flood of samsara. What are the two?

First, one who does not commit an offense; second, one who, having committed an offense, repents and removes it.

Udāyin, because you have confessed and disclosed your offenses, this accords precisely with attaining the perception of impermanence, the perception of suffering in the impermanent… (and so forth in full through): attaining knowledge of the exhaustion of the defilements.^[17] You will certainly attain one of the two destinations among humans and devas; there is no doubt. As the Blessed One taught, there are two kinds of unobstructive karma leading to the two destinations among devas and humans: believing the Buddha’s teaching and not concealing one’s offenses. Thus you should know that your rehabilitation is complete. Do not be heedless, and cultivate wholesome qualities continually.

e. Repentance

If anyone commits such an offense, the procedure should likewise be performed in the same sequence as for Udāyin. After rehabilitation, he should request the Sangha to permit repentance for the sthūlātyaya offense.^[18] He should request as follows:

Venerable Sangha, please listen! I, the bhikshu…, in connection with intentionally emitting semen, previously undertook preparatory acts and committed a sthūlātyaya offense. I, named…, now request from the Sangha the procedure of disclosure and repentance. May the Venerable Sangha permit me,…, to repent by disclosing the sthūlātyaya offense. May you have compassion for me, have compassion for me.

He should make the same request a second and a third time.

A bhikshu should then be appointed to make the motion and perform the karman:

Venerable Sangha, please listen! The bhikshu…, in connection with intentionally emitting semen, previously undertook preparatory acts and committed a sthūlātyaya offense. This bhikshu requests from the Sangha the procedure of disclosing and repenting the sthūlātyaya offense. If the time is appropriate for the Sangha, the Sangha may consent.

The Sangha now permits the bhikshu…, who, in connection with intentionally emitting semen, previously undertook preparatory acts and committed a sthūlātyaya offense, to disclose and repent the offense. This is the motion.

Next, perform the karman:

Venerable Sangha, please listen! The bhikshu named…, in connection with intentionally emitting semen, previously undertook preparatory acts and committed a [482c01] sthūlātyaya offense. He requests the Sangha to grant him the procedure of disclosing and repenting the sthūlātyaya offense.

The Sangha now permits the bhikshu…, who, in connection with intentionally emitting semen, previously undertook preparatory acts and committed a sthūlātyaya offense, to repent. Any venerable one who approves of permitting the bhikshu…, who, in connection with intentionally emitting semen, previously undertook preparatory acts and committed a sthūlātyaya offense, to repent should remain silent. Anyone who does not approve should speak. This is the first proclamation of the karman.

The same should be proclaimed a second and a third time.

The Sangha has permitted the bhikshu…, who, in connection with intentionally emitting semen, previously undertook preparatory acts and committed a sthūlātyaya offense, to complete his repentance. The Sangha has consented, as indicated by its silence. Thus do I record it.

Subsequent cases are similar. They should be dealt with in sequence as follows:

An offense constituting the initial cause of a duṣkṛta offense^[19] and the pāyattika offense of disrespecting the Noble Teaching^[20] should be disclosed and repented before one bhikshu and thereby removed in accordance with the Dharma.

There are two kinds of sthūlātyaya offense:^[21] first, an offense constituting the cause of a pārājika offense;^[22] second, an offense constituting the cause of a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense.

There are also two kinds of cause leading to a pārājika offense: first, grave; second, light. Of these, a grave offense must be disclosed and repented before the great assembly (here “great assembly” means the entire Sangha present within the boundary). A light offense should be disclosed and repented within the ceremonial precinct before an assembly of at least four persons.

There are also two kinds of cause leading to a saṅghāvaśeṣa offense: first, grave; second, light. In this case, a grave offense should be disclosed and repented within the ceremonial precinct before no more than four bhikshus. A light offense should be repented before one person and thereby removed in accordance with the Dharma.

As for causes leading to pāyattika and duṣkṛta offenses, proceed according to the foregoing. If minor or major offenses concerning the rules of training have been concealed, one must earnestly repent them.

Notes:

^[1] “Offense requiring instruction by the Sangha” 眾教罪: Skt. saṃghāvaśeṣa, the saṅghāvaśeṣa offense (Sangha-remnant).

^[2] Udāyin 鄔陀夷: P. Udāyin.

^[3] Saṅghāvaśeṣa: see n. 2, p. 124.

^[4] The parivāsa procedure 遍住法: also called the procedure of separate residence 别住. P. parivāsa, transliterated ba-lợi-bà-sa, is a manner of living separately, a period of probation.

^[5] Renewed parivāsa from the beginning 復本遍住: undergoing the parivāsa procedure again from the beginning.

^[6] Chinese: recommencement from the beginning 重收根本; P. mūlāyapaṭikassanā. Paṭikassanaṃ means “drawing back to”; mūlāya means “the beginning.” The Dharmaguptaka, Mahīśāsaka, and Sarvāstivāda Vinayas translate it as “discipline from the original day” 本日治; Madhyama Āgama 52, T01n26, p. 756a23: “discipline from the beginning” 根本治.

^[7] Mānatta: see n. 2, p. 90.

^[8] Rehabilitation 出罪: P. abbhāna, transliterated a-phù-ha-na, meaning restoration (see also n. 2, p. 90).

^[9] Chinese: roots of grave offenses 重罪根本, root offenses 根本罪—the fundamental offenses in the Vinaya, namely pārājika offenses.

^[10] Aṅga-jata 鴦伽社哆: Skt. aṅga-jata, liṅga, translated as “generative organ” 生支.

^[11] Perception of a livid corpse 青瘀想: contemplation of a corpse after one day, when the blood has congealed and the skin and flesh have turned livid.

^[12] Chinese: distinctions in others’ minds 他心差別.

^[13] Chinese: former abodes, death, and rebirth 宿住死生: knowledge of the past deeds and lives of beings and their deaths and rebirths throughout many lifetimes.

^[14] Chinese: exhaustion of all currents of existence 盡諸有流: complete elimination of the afflictions of views and thought in the three realms, so that one is no longer bound by birth and death within them.

^[15] Chinese: not disclosing an offense 不說罪. Disclosure of an offense, Skt. āpatti-pratideśanā, means sincerely stating clearly what one has transgressed to a person qualified to hear it; this is called disclosure of an offense.

^[16] Nāraka 捺洛迦: Skt. nāraka, translated into Chinese as “hell.”

^[17] Chinese: exhaustion of the currents of existence (exhaustion of all currents of existence); see n. 3, p. 229.

^[18] Sthūlātyaya 窣吐羅底也(野): Skt. sthūlātyaya; P. thullaccaya, thūlaccaya. Other transliterations include thâu-lan-giá 偷蘭遮 and thâu-la-giá 偷羅遮. It is translated as gross offense, major offense, or grave offense. Samantapāsādikā 9, T24n1462, p. 733c18: “Thâu-lan means great. Giá 遮 indicates an obstruction to the path, followed by descent into an evil destination.”

^[19] Duṣkṛta: see n. 2, p. 137.

^[20] The pāyattika offense of disrespecting the Noble Teaching: if one is without shame or moral dread and treats the Buddha’s words with contempt, one commits a pāyattika offense (see also n. 1, p. 137).

^[21] Sthūlātyaya is also called a preparatory offense. A preparatory offense 方便罪 is likewise a thâu-lan-giá offense. Thâu-lan-giá offenses are divided into two principal categories: independent and preparatory. 1. An independent thâu-lan offense is a completed offense capable of destroying the roots of goodness. 2. A preparatory thâu-lan offense occurs when one intends to commit a pārājika or saṅghāvaśeṣa offense and undertakes preparatory acts, but ultimately does not complete it; it is therefore a causal offense.

^[22] Pārājika: see n. 1, p. 124.