San Mu Bu Pm GBM 2 Pc 48Hitting
Pāli / Sanskrit:Pahāra
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The Pahāra Discourse: An Explanation of the Act of Striking
Background
The Pahāra discourse (Pāli: Pahāra, meaning "striking" or "attacking") is found in the Vinaya Piṭaka of Theravāda Buddhism, specifically in the Pātimokkha, the basic code for monks and nuns. In the Vinaya, discourses related to bodily conduct such as striking are examined carefully because they reflect violations of discipline and, in particular, contradict the spirit of compassion (mettā), which is the foundation of the Buddha's Teaching.
The Vinaya Piṭaka was compiled to protect the Sangha and guide them to practice in accordance with the Buddha's teaching. Rules about bodily conduct, including striking another person, are not merely formal regulations but also deeply reflect Buddhist ethical principles of avoiding harm (ahiṁsā).
Main Content
The Pahāra discourse in the Pātimokkha prescribes that if a monk, teacher, monastic, or nun strikes, attacks, or physically harms another, whether a monastic, a layperson, or any living being, this action is considered a serious offense. The degree of offense varies according to the context, intention (cetanā), and consequence of the act.
Theravāda Buddhism clearly distinguishes between levels of offense: from minor actions that may be cleared through public confession, to major offenses (pārājika or saṁghādisesa) that can lead to more serious consequences such as expulsion from the Sangha.
The discourse emphasizes that intention is the decisive factor. A monastic who strikes someone out of hatred (dosa), greed (lobha), or delusion (moha) will be regarded as having committed an especially serious offense. Even when there is a justifiable cause, such as self-defense, the matter must still be carefully considered according to the criteria of the Vinaya.
Practical Meaning
The Pahāra discourse does not merely prohibit physical action; it also reflects a deeper principle: on the Buddhist path of practice, the development of compassion, kindness, and self-control of the mind are central aims.
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