Lzh Sarv Bu Pm 2 Np 30The Five Tonics

Sutta on the Five Medicines (Bhesajja)

Background

The Bhesajja Sutta, the five medicines, appears in the Vinaya Piṭaka of the Theravāda tradition, specifically in the rules for nuns (Bhikkhunī Pātimokkha). This is part of the detailed system of monastic law, intended to regulate the way of life of bhikkhus and bhikkhunīs in the Sangha community.

The sutta was taught in the context of the Buddha Śākyamuni instructing his disciples on how to use medical means in the course of practice. This reflects the Buddha’s concern for the physical health of bhikkhunīs, those who renounced worldly life to pursue liberation. The Vinaya Piṭaka is not only a collection of strict prohibitions, but also a practical guide for living together harmoniously and maintaining health in service of the work of practice.

Main Content

The five medicines (pañca bhesajja) designated by the Buddha are lawful means by which bhikkhunīs may treat illness without violating the spirit of the Vinaya:

First: Ghee, clarified butter made from purified cow’s milk fat, is regarded as a basic nourishing medicine that helps the body recover and maintain health.

Second: Oil (taila) is used for both external and internal treatment, with the effect of warming and nourishing the body.

Third: Honey (madhu), besides its nutritional effect, can treat coughs, sore throat, and respiratory illnesses.

Fourth: Sugar (phāṇita, molasses or thick sugarcane juice) provides energy and helps strengthen health.

Fifth: Salt water (saindhava, mineral salt from mountains or sea) is used to balance electrolytes and support digestion.

These regulations are not regarded as naive optimism or irrational piety, but as practical instructions in accord with ancient Indian medicine (Āyurveda). The Buddha permitted bhikkhunīs to use these medicines as part of the daily diet or when illness occurs.