Lzh Mg Bi Pm Pc 77Cīvara-pārihārika
Pāli / Sanskrit:Cīvara-pārihārika
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Commentary on the Cīvara-pārihārika
Vinaya Piṭaka – Theravāda Tradition
Background
The Cīvara-pārihārika is recorded in the Vinaya Piṭaka of the Theravāda Buddhist tradition, which constitutes the code of conduct for Buddhist monastics. The word "cīvara" means an outer robe or monastic garment, while "pārihārika" means "that which is worn over" or "that which protects." This text sets forth regulations concerning the use, care, and handling of robes by bhikkhus and bhikkhunīs.
In its historical context, after the Buddha established the Saṅgha, it became necessary to clearly define regulations regarding monastic possessions—particularly essential articles such as clothing—in order to maintain discipline and to prevent disputes and afflictions from arising within the monastic community. These regulations reflect the spirit of Theravāda Buddhism: not retaining an excess of possessions, simplicity, and harmony within the Saṅgha.
Principal Contents
The Cīvara-pārihārika sets forth detailed conditions, procedures, and time limits relating to the management of monastic robes. Specifically, it defines the circumstances under which a bhikkhu may possess, exchange, or receive robes, as well as the offenses (pācittiya) that may arise from failure to observe these rules.
The principal contents include: the prohibition against monastics retaining more robes than what is permitted; the requirement that, upon receiving new garments, appropriate measures must be taken (such as marking them to make them unsightly by means of dyeing or cutting); offenses arising from keeping the garments of another; and exceptional circumstances under which it is permitted to retain additional garments (for instance, during winter or in times of illness).
These regulations also bear upon social ethics, inasmuch as the very simplicity of monastic possessions constitutes a living testimony to the practice of the Buddha-Dharma—the relinquishing of desire and ownership in the pursuit of liberation.
Practical Significance
The Cīvara-pārihārika is not merely a set of mechanical rules but also a profound means of spiritual cultivation.
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