Lzh Mg Bi Pm Pc 136Throwing Out a Monastic
Pāli / Sanskrit:Nikkaḍḍhana
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Sutta Nikkaḍḍhana — The Removal of a Bhikkhu
Background
The Nikkaḍḍhana rule is found in the Vinaya Piṭaka, specifically within the Pātimokkha — the foundational code of rules that bhikkhus must observe. In the Theravāda tradition, the Vinaya Piṭaka is regarded as the foundation of the Sangha, ensuring the discipline, harmony, and purity of the Monastic Community.
The word "Nikkaḍḍhana" means "removal" or "expulsion." This rule governs the circumstances under which a bhikkhu may be formally expelled from the practice community by the Sangha, should he commit serious offenses or refuse to accept the Sangha's correction.
The historical context of this rule reflects the disputes that arose within the monastic community during the early period of Buddhism. When a bhikkhu acts contrary to the Dhamma and Vinaya, refuses to repent, or challenges the authority of the Sangha, a mechanism is needed to maintain the stability and purity of the Community.
Principal Content
The Nikkaḍḍhana applies when a bhikkhu commits a Pārājika offense (a defeating offense) or other grave violations for which the Dhamma does not permit ordinary rehabilitation, or when that person refuses to accept the judgment of the Sangha.
According to this rule, the Sangha has the authority to convene and formally declare the expulsion of the offending bhikkhu from the Sangha. This expulsion is a solemn decision — not a personal punishment, but an act undertaken to protect the practice community.
Once expelled (nikkhanta), the bhikkhu is no longer regarded as a formal member of the Sangha. He may still wear the monastic robes, but he is not permitted to participate in Sangha activities, is not afforded the privileges of the Sangha, and is not recognized by the community as a member of the Sangha.
Nevertheless, the Vinaya Piṭaka also stipulates that should the bhikkhu in time sincerely repent, conform to the Dhamma, and accept the Sangha's correction, he may be formally reinstated by the Sangha (abbheti).
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